A study into secretive human behavior

A study into secretive human behavior Secretive is human behavior that has generally negative connation which should not be confused with Privacy which generally represents the human trait in which one individual is not ready to share his/her personal information to others. In contrast the secretive behavior is not limited to personal information only. If we look at the relevance of the particular behavior we may find that not only it is associated to individual level behavior but also to the organizational level. Therefore we can say that it has considerable effect in behavior modeling of individual as well as at organizational level. We can also distinguish the effect of this behavior on individual and organizational level. Secretive behavior can be associated to particular personality traits that an individual possesses which can be looked into by different conceptual framework as given in this study. Though the secretive behavior of an individual is always taken in negative sense but when we compare the inherent traits that build up this kind of behavior we may find that secretive behavior arise some positive traits in an individual which is more explained by Johari Window in following precedence. Conceptual Framework According to the study of scholarly articles studied by me I have come upon the definition of secretive behavior as the personality trait of an individual which comprises of hiding some information (that can be relevant or irrelevant) from others either consciously or unconsciously by the virtue of the individual traits that a person possesses. The hiding of the information can be act of introvert nature of a person or a kind of defence mechanism as suggested by Freud Theory. Therefore to analyze the personality traits that mould the secretive behavior I have taken help of Johari Window Framework. Johari Window was developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman (Jo + Hari, Johari) in 1950s which is taken as 2 X 2 window having 4 quadrants or regions. Each quadrant or region depicts the information of an individual as perceived by themselves and by others as well. And hence by knowing the findings one can get a good understanding of themselves and their personalities in a more refined way. Figure 1 depicts the four quadrant of Johari Window from perceivers perspective and from others perspective. Perceived Person Known Unknown Perceiver Known OPEN BLIND Unknown SECRETS UNKNOWN Figure 1: Johari Window Following are the details of all four regions of Joharis Window described in detail: Open Region: When the personality traits or behavior of a person matches with the perspective of others as well, it is called as open region. It is generally that part that you show and share with others. It includes your appearance, team behavior, skills etc. It is generally recommended that people should belong to this region to increase there productivity in an organization. Blind Region: This is the region which includes characteristics that are known to other members in the group but individuals are not aware of that. These are generally the blind spot which should be as low as possible. These include individual behavior like making faces, showing emotions, aggressive nature etc which an individual does not know when they indulge in this type of traits. The aim is to reduce this area as much as possible which can be done by taking feedback from other members in the group to know things that an individual is not aware of. Secret Region: In this region the individual is aware of certain things but the others not. These things or behaviors are generally kept as secrets by the individual. This can be related to the introvert, shy nature of an individual. Another aspect is the avoided area by the individual which can be result from certain behavior that is socially not acceptable or considered as wrong. It can include certain private information that an individual does not want to share or the information that individual did not want to share. This kind of secretive behavior can adversely affect the dynamics of group therefore, it is recommended to reduce this area as much as possible and make the system more transparent. Unknown Region: When the behavior or traits are unknowns to the individual as well as the other team it is classified under this region. This can include talent and other behavior that can be revealed by either the person himself in future or by any other team member. By taking the Joharis window as a framework to analyze the personal traits of an individual one can distinguish that in which region out of the four does it belong and a person if it belongs in 3rd region that is Secret Region the attributes of that person can be best suited to know more about the secretive behavior of an individual at individual level as well as group level. Review of Literature The dictionary definition of secretive is defined as inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information; although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it . If we look into literature review of this behavior there is lot of research papers that are presented. Few author presentation and perspective has been presented below: The well known concept of Johari Window1, which is a model of self awareness, personal development, group development and understanding relationship. This concept can be related to MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)2 Indicator According to Julie D. Lane and Daniel M. Wegner 3, secrecy is a form of intentional deception that is peculiar for two reasons. First, whereas deception involves inducing a belief in another person that one knows to be false, secrecy involves preventing the other from knowing something one believes to be true. The second distinction is that secrecy is something one can do alone in a room. In another perspective Aldert Vrij, Karl Nunkoosing, Beth Paterson, Annerieke Oosterwegel and Stavroula Soukara4, defines the impact on individual behavior which is stated as Secret-holders confided information to those with whom they felt emotionally close; were more reluctant to confide when they kept the secret to avoid disapproval, and more likely to confide when they believed that others would find out about their secrets by paying attention to their (secret-holders) behaviors. Another context in the literature in Sullivans Interpersonal Theory5, which looks into interpersonal relations that modify the individual behavior. Sullivan stated that the personality of human being is shaped by the interpersonal relations that an individual have. More depth on individual aspect of why do people indulge in this kind of behavior is given by Defence Mechanism Theory by Sigmund Freud6. It involves the involvement of an individual in any behavior either unconsciously or by projecting wrong deception to indulge into defence mechanism. Empirical Study Generalization To study the effect of secretive behavior of an individual, I conducted a case study of four people studying in XLRI PMIR programme who knew well each other before coming here. This case study takes the help of Johari window from which I can deduce the understanding of personalities of these individual according to them as well as from the perspective of others. The main aim of doing this case study is to actually study the personality traits of an individual as perceived by him/her and as perceived by others. With the help of this I can categorize people into each of the four windows as described above in Johari Window and with the help of this segregation I can correlate which kind of people generally depict secretive behavior at individual level. Description of Case Study: In the case study I deliberately choose four people who knew each other very well so that the perception of an individual as perceived by others does not depend on just spontaneous interaction. I gave them 55 adjectives that a person can associates with himself/herself or with others. Then I make them to choose 6 adjectives that they think are best to describe about themselves and then I gave same set of adjectives to other three individual and noted down their responses about the same individual from their perspective on the same 6 adjective parameters. The adjectives that I have used are given in Appendices at the end of this report. Wile filling the corresponding personality traits choices one constraint that I follow is I gave only 120 seconds to fill out their responses for themselves and for others also. Since, there can be a possibility that during 120 seconds the individual does not get enough time to think upon the actual important personality traits. To eliminate out this discrepancy, I conducted same set of case study 4 times among the same set of individual but each time the response sheet which contains the set of 55 adjectives was in random order. To further reduce any unwanted deviations I conducted this at different times over a span of 3 days. By doing this an individual does not actually remember the choices that he/she had filled for others in previous trials. Findings of the Study Generalization Based on the case study as described above following are the results obtained for each of the four individual. Figure 2 represents the Adjectives picked by individual for themselves out of the given 55 adjectives. Adjectives associated with personality 1 2 3 4 5 6 Values perceived by Person A   friendly caring   cheerful   energetic   brave   sensible   Values perceived by Person B   independent logical   organized   helpful   caring     modest Values perceived by Person C   sentimental quiet   sensible   observant dignify   wise   Values perceived by Person D   giving happy   helpful   sensible caring   proud   Figure 2: Adjectives picked by individual for themselves out of the given 55 adjectives Figure 3 represents the adjectives associated with each person as perceived by other three persons. In this the frequency of each adjective is shown in () after taking the questionnaire at different point of time. Person A Person B Person C Person D Person A X   friendly(3), bold(2), extrovert(2) bold(3), energetic(2), organized(2)   extrovert(3), powerful(2), responsive(2)   Person B   Caring (4), helpful (3), extrovert(3) X helpful (4), logical (2), modest (2)   logical (2), proud (2), helpful (2)   Person C   extrovert(2), cheerful (2) , happy (2) nervous(3), tense(2), complex(2)   X relaxed(2), ingenious(1), giving(1) Person D   helpful(3), calm(2), modest(2)   giving(2), happy(2), caring(2)   modest(2), organized(2), giving(1) X Figure 3: Adjectives picked by others for specific person. ( ) represents the frequency of that adjective As we can see from the data collected by taking down the personality traits of an individual from perceiver as well as perceived perspective that the individual behavior of Person A ,Person B and Person C matches to a certain extent with the behavior as noted by other members in the group. Moreover, the frequency with which the kind of adjectives appears for both the persons indicates that all of them belong to Region 1 of Johari Window which is Open region. And the adjectives associated with both persons like friendly, organized, brave, responsive, helpful, extrovert etc are in perfect correlation with the qualities that are associated with Region 1 as given by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman. If we consider the case of Person 3, where the behavior described by himself does not matches with the behaviors as perceived by others, we can say that the Person C belongs to Region 3 or Secret Region of the Johari Window where the behavior are known to the person but are unknown to others. The basic traits that the person think of him is sentimental, quiet, sensible, observant, dignify and wise which is in negative correlation with the behavior given by other like extrovert, happy, relaxed etc. Moreover, the attributes associate with Person 3 which he think of him perfectly correlates with the behavior associated with Region 3 of Johari Window as given by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingman. Therefore, we can say that the individual having personality traits like introvert, quiet, shy, powerful, observant are much more associated to the persons having secretive behavior as compared to the person with the behavior like extrovert, happy, openness etc. Implications of Group Work We can distinguish the effect of this behavior on individual and organizational level which is given as follows: At Individual Level: Impact on Psychological Aspect: When we look into the effect of this kind of behavior on mental functions of human we can see that this type of behavior is generally associated with the people who are reserved, introvert, who does not want to share information. Also we can say that that the type of people who show this kind of behavior have very strong will which make them to hide information from others. Impact on Behavioral Modernity: With the advent of more information channels and competition the secretive nature has been considerably changed from our ancestors. And by comparing with the previous we can say that it has considerably increased. At Organizational level: Impact on Sociological Aspect: Sometimes secretive nature of the organization is more concerned with hiding of some information due to protection of ideas, future plans, information which can affect them severely. Impact on Anthropological Aspect: When an organization does not share proper information with employees, they are actually creating a traditional relations with them which will affect the motivation and performance of there work. Impact on Job Satisfaction Level: Job Satisfaction relates to the content level of an individual with his/her performance. And when an individual thinks that an organization is hiding some relevant information that arise a suspicion which decreases the job satisfaction or this behavior shows the negative correlation with job satisfaction. Contributions to Organizational Behavior I feel that as a part of organizational behavior it is very important to understand the individual behaviors and personality traits. In addition to this it is very much essential to understand and focus on the actual causes behind these behaviors which actually force an individual to indulge in secretive behavior. Therefore I think my study about secretive behavior is very much relevant to organizational behavior. But since my research involves the study the effect of internal personality traits on secretive nature and therefore it will be interesting to see how external effects like situation and society plays an important role in contributing the modification of secretive behavior in an individual. Hence, there is further scope to extend this study in the light of external factors and correlation of these external factors with the internal behavioral trait of an individual. Conclusion According to the study of scholarly articles studied by me I have come upon the definition of secretive behavior as the personality trait of an individual which comprises of hiding some information (that can be relevant or irrelevant) from others either consciously or unconsciously by the virtue of the individual traits that a person possesses. As showed in the case study results given above the personality traits to a greater extent affects the secretive behavior of an individual. For example the individual who are more introvert, shy and reserve tend to show more secretive behavior as compared to the people who are extrovert or outspoken. Even the people who have strong determination are more capable in holding any secret as compared to one who did not have strong will power. Therefore, by studying the Joharis window on different set of people I can say that individual personality traits or internal factors affect the secretive nature very much.

Greatest Strength Of China History Essay

I select inquiry B to analyse the greatest destabilizing component and its greatest strength of China. China has a long and old history which dates back to 1000s of old ages ago. Brilliant civilisation was created and passed down from coevals to coevals. For the record, China is the lone ancient civilisation that is in being today.the greatest destabilizing component and strength of ChinaThe greatest destabilizing component, in my position, would be the issue of husbandmans. As one large agricultural state, China needs the work and dedication of husbandmans to feed the turning population. Without the husbandmans, the cardinal authorities would non be able to raise an ground forces to spread out its district or to support against invasion of foreign race. ( Lewis, M. 2010 ) However, it has been a regular thing that in the beginning of a new dynasty, the new emperor took particular notice of the economic system and the importance that agribusiness was to the stableness of a new born dy nasty. Therefore, steps that promote agribusiness had been developed and good encouraged. And this proved instead fruitful for the wellness development of the authorities. For illustration, in the beginning of the Han dynasty, two of the early emperors, Liu Heng and Liu Qi, learned from the experiences of the Qin Dynasty and made up the policy to advance agribusiness. The two emperors lightened the revenue enhancements and fees on husbandmans, who are the chief production force of the state. There even had been policy to remit farm rent for 12 old ages in a row. The corvee was changed into one time every three old ages which was antecedently one time every twelvemonth. Emperor Liu Heng besides encouraged asceticism and against extravagancy. After Liu Heng, Liu Qi succeeded to the throne and the motto that agribusiness was the root of governing the state was put frontward. He believed that merely by increasing the grain output can the general mass get a better and stabilised life and the economic system can turn better. After the opinion of the two emperors during the early period of the Han dynasty, the root of the new state was stabilized and therefore laid the foundation of a booming coevals. However, the prosperity of a new dynasty ever followed by a dictatorship. For every alteration of dynasty, the function of husbandmans can by no agencies be neglected. At the terminal of a falling dynasty, the husbandmans were ever the first to endure. The chief ground for public violences and rebellions was that the opinion emperor knew nil and cared nil about economic development. To feed the swayer & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s turning appetite, the husbandmans were frequently deprived of the production that they spend old ages in bring forthing and reaping. Meanwhile, husbandmans were frequently called to take on the occupation to construct temples and castles for the opinion or to support against foreign invasion. The subjugation and sloppiness made the lives of husb andmans suffering and the consequence would be public violences and the creative activity of a new dynasty. However, due to the fact that China had been an agribusiness state and the default of familial system made it impossible for a dynasty to last long for the same circle happened on a regular basis. The greatest strength that China had is the saving of its civilization and tradition. China developed 1000s of old ages and during the long history that it had, infinite dynasties and states were build on what is now its district. The grounds that China remained a incorporate state lie in many factors. ( Shahar, M. 2008 ) Among these factors, in my sentiment, is its civilization and tradition which lasts through alteration of clip and dynasties and binds all peoples in the state together. The opinion of emperors could disappear. The edifices that represent the authorization of opinion could be destroyed. However, what is left in the general mass merely passes through one coevals after another and merely prospers and develops alternatively of lost. The historical development of Chinese traditional civilization is no confined to the Han people. As could be seen through the historical events, China has gone through several times of national assimilation. Through the assimilation, differ ent civilizations were added and a different and new civilization was in formation. Some of the imposts and traditions were passed down while some civilizations were lost and good forgotten. Apart from the civilizations that were forced to come in into the Han civilization, the swayer besides need a incorporate belief that can assist him better regulation the state. Buddhism is the faith that enjoys the largest sum of trusters in China now. Buddhism was introduced from the ancient India. One of the most celebrated official missional activities was the Tang Xuanzong sent Xuanzang into the ancient India to present the Buddhism. Buddhism had its premier times in Chinese history. And it so functioned as the best manner to chasten people. By stating the people in obeying and listening to the fateikarma and after life, the swayer & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s purpose was realized. Under the philosophy of Buddhism, the swayer established the establishment that put the tightest control on peo ple & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s head: the Confucianism and the imperial scrutiny system. Confucianism mostly absorbed rules of Buddhism. Through its development, some of its rules and philosophies are advantageous to consolidate the opinion of the emperor and therefore the authorities began to advance instruction which taught Confucianism. ( Creel, H. 1971 ) The imperial scrutiny system is a mechanism for the swayer to happen endowments to assist him pull off the state. Through alterations of clip and dynasties, the system was passed down and played an unreplaceable function in head control. ( Wang, R. 2012 ) In add-on to Buddhism, one local faith that still exists today is the Daoism, besides had its portion in fosterage and consolidating the opinion.3.0 DecisionFrom the ancient history of China, it would be concluded that every bit long as the issue of husbandmans could be good settled and resolved, a stabilizing dynasty could be fund and go on its opinion. The greatest strength t hat China is able to continue as a incorporate state and conditions countless alterations of dynasties would be the civilization that bind all people together.

The Truth About Binghamton College Essay Topics

The Truth About Binghamton College Essay Topics Make using the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. When picking your research paper topic, you should make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. Just as you can hardly expect to write five essays in 1 day, so you maynot hope to develop more than 1 section of a lengthier paper at a moment. The essay is easy as soon as you get started studying the huge pictureand using your own perspective. Suddenly, you're in an entirely new situation, and will need to do something, but you need zero idea what. Think of your feelings about the scenario, how it affected you and what you learned from the experience instead of just simply recalling the circumstance or the individual you lost. Needless to say, you might select any topic, nobody could ever know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. 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The nursing, organization, and engineering schools are 3 standouts, but regardless of what course a student chooses to study, you're certain to get the very best bang for your buck. If you cannot articulate with specificity why you would like to attend a specific college or university, then you likely shouldn't be applying to that school. Colleges are not searching for perfect men and women. The colleges don't wish to hear something they already know about themselves. The class will often feel to be an elaborate game of Mad Libs, dependent on a rubric where you should fill in sentences and paragraphs rather than words. As summer winds down, it's time to begin thinking about supplemental essays also! Thus, finalize your school list and make a list of supplemental essay prompts you must respond to. The college essay provides your child a chance to show individuals who may never satisfy her just what sort of person she is. The only rule to follow when selecting a topic for your college essay is to select the topic you're eager to write about. You must be certain to understand everything clearly once you go for an essay topic. Therefore, if you begin with a terrible topic, not only will you wind up with a poor essay, but you risk ruining the very good impression that the remainder of your application makes. At times, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, you're still able to look immature or unready for college life on account of the manner in which you present that topic the way you really write your own personal statement. Life After Binghamton College Essay Topics Application writing isn't the close of the world and you're able to prepare for it. Your essay is the opportunity to liven up your application. Make certain you're alert to the particular deadlines. Start early so there'll be lots of time. Things You Won't Like About Binghamton College Essay Topics and Th ings You Will Be assured, you'll need to compose essays sooner or later in your college career, and Writing 111 is a comparatively painless way to understand how. Always consider your reader. Return to the qualities that you want to show off with your application and see whether there is an essay prompt that gives you the chance to do that. When an essay accomplishes those 2 objectives, it is a good one, Lipford states. You must understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. Writing a college essay can be a challenging task initially, but understanding how different topics of college essays work may help you later on.

Global Warming Causes And Effects - 1369 Words

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